Mortgage affordability has become one of the defining elements of UK lending in 2025. Even as rates stabilise, lender scrutiny has not eased. Banks now apply detailed affordability modelling that incorporates stress testing, expenditure analysis, credit commitments, and long-term interest rate resilience. For borrowers, this creates both challenges and opportunities—particularly for those with complex income structures or higher-value borrowing needs.

Understanding how lenders arrive at an affordability decision is essential whether you are a first-time buyer, an investor, or a high-net-worth applicant navigating private bank lending. At Willow Private Finance, we see clients each day who are surprised by how different lenders assess the same financial profile. Some will offer dramatically higher borrowing than others, particularly when assets, international income, or future liquidity events are considered.

This guide breaks down the key components of affordability in 2025 and explains how to position yourself for the strongest lending outcome. For background on how underwriting is shifting across the industry, you may also find value in our recent article on How Mortgage Underwriting Has Changed in 2025 and our borrower-focused guide Is It Time to Remortgage? Signs to Watch in 2025.

The Regulatory Environment Shaping Affordability in 2025

The UK mortgage market continues to operate under stringent affordability rules, influenced by post-FCA reforms and lender-specific risk models. Although interest rates in 2025 are more stable than the volatility seen in recent years, banks continue to apply conservative assumptions to ensure borrowers could sustain payments if rates rise again.

Affordability assessments in 2025 incorporate:

• Bank of England mandated stress testing
• Rising household expenditure benchmarks
• Increased lender caution following periods of rate volatility
• More detailed scrutiny of variable income streams
• Longer-term modelling for repayment resilience

Mainstream lenders follow strict formulaic approaches, which often disadvantage borrowers with fluctuating or non-traditional income. In contrast, private banks and specialist lenders may take a broader view, incorporating wealth, assets, bonuses, carried interest, dividends, trust distributions, or future liquidity events into overall risk assessment.

As the regulatory environment becomes increasingly complex, navigating lender expectations requires in-depth knowledge of how each institution interprets affordability rules—and how to strategically present your financial profile.

How Lenders Calculate Core Income for Affordability

The starting point for any affordability calculation is gross verified income. However, the type, consistency, and source of income significantly influence how much of it lenders will use.

Salary and Fixed Employment Income

For PAYE applicants, lenders will typically use 100% of base salary. Guaranteed allowances may also be fully counted if supported by employer documentation. This makes employed borrowers the most straightforward from an affordability perspective, although expenditure and debt factors can still significantly limit borrowing.

Bonuses, Commission, and Variable Pay

Variable income is rarely taken at face value. In 2025, most lenders average bonuses or commissions over two or three years to mitigate volatility risk. High street banks may discount irregular bonuses heavily, while private banks often show more flexibility, particularly when historic patterns demonstrate upward trajectory or stability.

Borrowers relying on variable remuneration should understand that different lenders will interpret the same compensation package very differently—sometimes resulting in borrowing capacities that differ by hundreds of thousands of pounds.

Self-Employed and Company Director Income

Self-employed borrowers remain subject to detailed underwriting. Lenders will typically assess:

• Two-year or three-year net profit
• Salary plus dividends for directors
• Retained profits, in some cases, if supported by an accountant’s projection
• Stability and sustainability of income across accounting periods

Some lenders now adopt more commercial approaches, especially when businesses have demonstrable cash flow strength. Borrowers seeking to leverage company profits should also review our guide Using Company Profits to Buy a Home in 2025: How Lenders View Director Income.

Rental and Investment Income

Buy-to-let landlords may use portfolio rental income toward affordability, although high street lenders often impose additional background property stress testing. Private banks, by contrast, may use net rental income or adopt cash-flow-based modelling, significantly enhancing borrowing for professional investors.

Investment income such as interest, dividends, or trust distributions may also be included, depending on track record, sustainability, and portfolio documentation.

The Role of Expenditure Analysis in Affordability

Even high earners can face reduced borrowing where expenditure is high. In 2025, lenders place greater emphasis than ever on outgoings, using both declared expenses and statistical benchmarks to assess cost of living.

Key expenditure categories include:

• Existing credit and loan payments
• Car finance, personal loans, and credit card balances
• Childcare and school fees
• Pension contributions
• Utilities, insurance, and general household spending

Crucially, banks increasingly use Office for National Statistics cost-of-living data to create minimum expenditure thresholds. This means applicants cannot artificially reduce declared spending to boost affordability, as the lender will apply its own baseline assumptions.

Private banks tend to be more flexible where borrowers demonstrate significant liquid assets that could cover future expenditure shocks.

How Stress Testing Limits Borrowing Power

Stress testing is one of the most significant factors in 2025 lending decisions. Even when current rates are relatively low, lenders must model affordability at higher theoretical rates to satisfy regulatory requirements.

For example, a lender offering a 4.50% product may run an affordability assessment at 7.00% or higher. The mortgage payment at this higher rate must still be affordable after deducting expenditure and existing debt obligations.

This is often where mainstream affordability calculations collapse—particularly for borrowers with:

• High variable income
• Large bonus-heavy compensation
• High household expenditure
• Significant unsecured credit
• Complex international earnings

Private banks can apply more bespoke stress scenarios, especially for HNW clients with substantial liquidity, security coverage, or strong financial buffers.

Debt, Credit, and Existing Commitments

Lenders review the full credit profile of each borrower to determine long-term payment capacity. Existing credit facilities—loans, card balances, car finance, revolving debt—are factored into affordability by treating monthly repayments as fixed liabilities.

Clearing or restructuring debt ahead of an application can meaningfully improve affordability. Borrowers planning to consolidate debt should review our article Debt Consolidation with Property Finance: 2025 Lending Guide for more insight.

Credit conduct also plays a role. Missed payments, high utilisation, or thin credit files may not directly change the affordability calculation, but they influence lender confidence and product availability—sometimes pushing a borrower toward specialist or private lender routes.

Challenges Borrowers Face When Trying to Maximise Affordability

Borrowers often underestimate how varied affordability outcomes can be between lenders. We frequently see:

• High earners declined because of lender stress tests
• Bonuses or commission discounted too heavily
• Self-employed income misunderstood
• Expenditure overstated by rigid lender benchmarks
• International or foreign-currency income excluded altogether
• High-value borrowers receiving drastically lower offers from mainstream banks compared with private banks
• 
  

Another common issue is timing. Affordability may improve significantly with a new bonus cycle, an updated set of company accounts, a reduction in credit balances, or the restructuring of buy-to-let portfolios. Strategic planning can therefore be essential.

Smart Strategies to Strengthen Borrowing Capacity

Affordability is not a fixed figure; it can often be improved with the right preparation. Willow Private Finance works with clients to optimise their position in advance of underwriting, including:

• Identifying lenders most favourable to specific income structures
• Presenting assets, liquidity, and future income in ways that strengthen affordability
• Selecting lenders that take a more holistic view of wealth
• Reducing or restructuring debt to improve monthly surplus
• Using private banking routes for high-value borrowing needs

The difference between a high-street offer and a private bank offer can be transformative. For clients with assets, trust income, investment portfolios, or international earnings, private banks often deliver superior borrowing capacity through bespoke assessments tailored to overall financial strength.

Where Affordability Modelling Works Differently

A common scenario involves a high-earning professional with a large bonus component. A high-street lender may only accept 40% of variable income, capping borrowing far below expectations. A private bank, however, may accept the full bonus—sometimes even lending ahead of the next bonus cycle if historical patterns are strong.

Another example is the self-employed borrower whose latest accounts show a sharp profit rise. While some lenders will still average three years (thereby suppressing affordability), others will take the latest year alone if supported by accountant projections.

These scenarios illustrate why a whole-of-market broker is essential. The lender chosen can determine whether a borrower secures £500,000 or £1,000,000—often with identical financial information.

Outlook for 2025 and Beyond

Affordability modelling is unlikely to loosen substantially in the coming year. While interest rates may stabilise or gradually decline, the regulatory emphasis on responsible lending remains high. Borrowers should therefore focus on strategic preparation, strong documentation, and selecting lenders aligned with their financial profiles.

Private bank lending is expected to expand further in 2025, especially for clients with complex or non-traditional income. These lenders are increasingly filling the gap left by formulaic high street affordability models, offering bespoke underwriting and greater flexibility for larger mortgages.

Staying informed and prepared will remain essential for anyone seeking to maximise borrowing power over the next 12–24 months.

How Willow Private Finance Can Help

Willow Private Finance specialises in navigating lender affordability models—particularly for complex or high-value cases where traditional calculations fall short. As an independent, whole-of-market broker with access to private banks, specialist lenders, and international institutions, we structure applications that reflect your true financial strength.

Whether you are an entrepreneur, investor, professional with variable income, or high-net-worth individual, we help you secure favourable outcomes by aligning your profile with the lenders most likely to support your goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: How do lenders calculate mortgage affordability in 2025?
Lenders assess income, expenditure, credit commitments, and future resilience through stress testing. They model whether you could afford the mortgage at higher interest rates, not just today’s rates.

Q2: Do bonuses and commission count toward affordability?
Yes, but lenders treat them conservatively. Many average bonuses over several years, while some private banks may consider the full amount depending on consistency and documentation.

Q3: Can self-employed income be used for mortgage affordability?
Most lenders use two- or three-year averages of net profit or salary plus dividends. Some will accept the most recent year alone, particularly when supported by accountant projections.

Q4: How much do household expenses affect affordability?
Expenses are critical. Banks use both declared spending and statistical minimums to calculate disposable income, which directly affects borrowing limits.



Q5: Why do different lenders offer different borrowing amounts?
Each lender uses its own affordability model, stress rates, and treatment of income types. This can lead to substantial differences, particularly for borrowers with complex or variable income.

📞 Want Help Navigating Today’s Market?

Book a free strategy call with one of our mortgage specialists.

We’ll help you find the smartest way forward—whatever rates do next.